「甯
夏」
NINGXIA
-古老的黄河流经宁夏397千米，滋润着千里沃野，孕育这里的文明与文化。
-大自然的鬼斧神工，造就了高山、平原、河流、绿洲、湖泊，使这里既有江南水乡的秀丽，又集塞外大漠风光之雄浑。古老的黄河文化，奇异壮丽的自然景观，浓郁的回乡风情，在这里汇集。
-盐碱地上，生长着属于宁夏最为特别的作物，枸杞。经历几千年的驯化、种植、丰收、改进，枸杞在这片土地上深深扎根，成为了宁夏最富代表的印象之一。
- The ancient Yellow River flows through Ningxia for 397 kilometers, nourishing the fertile land and giving birth to the civilization and culture here.
- The magnificent work of nature has created mountains, plains, rivers, oases, and lakes, blending the beauty of the Jiangnan water towns with the grandeur of the northern deserts. The ancient Yellow River culture, stunning natural landscapes, and rich local customs converge here.
- On the saline-alkali land, a unique crop of Ningxia thrives - wolfberries. After thousands of years of domestication, cultivation, harvest, and improvement, wolfberries have deeply rooted in this land, becoming one of the most representative impressions of Ningxia's richness.
西夏古朝
FADING XIXIA DYNASTY
丝路风沙
THE SILK ROAD
烽烟战场
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HISTORICAL BATTTLEFIELD
塞上江南
OASIS ON LOESS
文化汇聚
CONVERGING CULTURES
枸杞之乡
HOME OF NINGXIA WOLFBERRY
历史 HISTORY
今天的宁夏在春秋战国时为羌戎、匈奴族散居地，秦朝时属北地郡，汉、魏时期分属郡州。唐至西夏时期，信仰伊斯兰教的波斯、大食人陆续来往宁夏，定居经商。元朝时称宁夏行省（取“夏地安宁”义得名），大批中亚、阿拉伯、波斯的穆斯林军士、工匠、商人迁居宁夏。元末明初回族逐步形成，宁夏回族进入一个相对稳定发展的时期。明朝时设宁夏卫，清朝时列入甘肃省。1928年设宁夏省。
Ningxia was the core area of the Xixia in the 11th-13th century, established by the Tangut people; its name,"Ningxia", derived from the Mongol conquest of the state. The Tanguts made significant achievements in literature, art, music, and architecture, particularly invented Tangut script. Long one of the country's poorest areas, a small winemaking industry has become economically important since the 1980s. Before the arrival of viticulture, Ningxia's 6.8 million people,36per cent of whom are Muslims from the Hui ethnic group, relied largely on animal grazing, subsistence agriculture and the cultivation of wolfberries used in traditional Chinese medicine and cuisine.
公元前221年 221 BC
秦统一后划宁夏属北地郡
Territory of Qin
407年 407 AD
匈奴人赫连勃建立地方政权
Territory of the Hun
1038年 1038 AD
党项族首领李元昊建立大夏国
Captical of Xixia
1227年 1227 AD
元灭亡西夏，更名“宁夏”，设宁夏府路
Conquered by Mongols
1958年 1958 AD
国务院设立宁夏回族自治区
Autonomous Region
地理 GEOGAPHY
银川黄河滨河大桥
Riverside Bridge Yinchuan
沙坡头/腾格里沙漠
The Tengger Desert
大漠孤烟直，
长河落日圆。
贺兰山
The Helan Mountain
宁夏地处中国东部季风区、西北干旱区和青藏高原区三大自然区域的交汇地带，黄河干流自南而北穿行于宁夏中北部。这种特殊的地理位置，导致了宁夏自然环境具有显著的过渡性、复杂性和不均衡性的独特面貌。Ningxia is located at the intersection of three natural areas: the monsoon zone in eastern China, the arid zone in northwest China, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main stream of the Yellow River runs through central and northern Ningxia from south to north. This special geographical location has led to the unique appearance of Ningxia's natural environment with significant transition, complexity and imbalance.
宁夏地形地形分为三大板块：北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带、南部山区。宁夏北部引黄灌区位于黄河两岸，又称宁夏川或川区，包括银川平原和卫宁平原两部分，西靠贺兰山。灌溉农业发达，自6世纪起即有“塞上江南”的美称。中部干旱带干旱少雨，水源缺乏，古称“八百里瀚海”，春秋季常发沙尘暴，畜牧业较为发达。
The topography of Ningxia is divided into three major sections: the northern Yellow River irrigation area, the central arid zone, and the southern mountainous area. The Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area in northern Ningxia is located on both sides of the Yellow River, also known as Ningxia Sichuan or Sichuan District. It includes Yinchuan Plain and Weining Plain, and is bordered by Helan Mountain in the west. Irrigated agriculture is developed, and it has been known as the "Oasis beyond the Great Wall" since the 6th century. The central arid zone is arid with little rain and water resources. It was called the "Eight Hundred Miles Desert Sea" in ancient times. Sandstorms often occur in spring and autumn, and animal husbandry is relatively developed.
"黄河一进入宁夏，就受到热情的挽留。 As soon as the Yellow River entered Ningxia, it was enthusiastically detained.
银川平原更是用它平坦的地势放慢了黄河的脚步。 Yinchuan Plain slowed down the pace of the Yellow River with its flat terrain.
在这里，黄河水势虽然浩大，却显得平静温柔。" Although the Yellow River is turbulent and roaring, it appears calm and gentle.
Afterglow of the Helan Mountain
文化&民族
CULTUREÐNICS
开斋节
Eid al-Fitr
作为民族自治区，宁夏形成了多民族聚居的形式，少数民族常住人口占到40%。除了回族以外，还有大量维吾尔族，蒙古族人等居住。因此，伊斯兰教背景下，宁夏相比其他省市多了更多特色的节日，如古尔邦节，开斋节等。同时，宁夏的建筑，设施中也常能见到穆斯林风格的装饰，雕塑等。
As an ethnic autonomous region, Ningxia has formed a multi-ethnic community, with ethnic minorities accounting for 40% of the permanent population. In addition to the Hui people, there are also a large number of Uyghurs, Mongolians, etc. living there. Therefore, under the background of Islam, Ningxia has more unique festivals than other provinces and cities, such as Eid al-Fitr. At the same time, Muslim-style decorations and sculptures can often be seen in Ningxia’s buildings and facilities.
佛教
Buddhism
伊斯兰教
Islam
道教
Taoism
基督教
Christianty
Diversity and Openness
“全国入药杞子，皆宁产也。”
------《本草纲目》
正如古药书《本草汇言》所载：“枸杞能使气可充，血可补，阳可生，阴可长，火可降，风湿可去，有十全之妙用焉。”枸杞，在植物分类中属茄科，茄族，枸杞亚族，枸杞属。落叶小灌木，有短刺。系多年生木本，树龄可达百年以上。由于其“棘如枸之刺，茎如杞之条”，故兼得枸杞名。在宁夏，民间俗称枸杞为“茨”，枸杞园为“茨园”，种植枸杞的农民为“茨农”。
Ningxia wolfberry, with its scientific name Lycium barbarum, is a shrub native to China,with present-day range across Asia and southeast Europe. It is one of two species of boxthorn in the family Solanaceae from which the wolfberry is harvested, the other being Lycium chinense.
在中国，枸杞的人工耕种已经有超过六百多年的历史。沿着黄河两岸肥沃的淤积平原，“塞上江南”适宜的自然条件孕育着枸杞的生长。宁夏回族自治区，则是枸杞种植最核心的产区，产出枸杞的产量接近全国总产量的50%，同时还为国家以及世界提供最高品质，富有营养的精品枸杞。
Wolfberry has been cultivated in China, along the fertile aggradational floodplains of the Yellow River, for more than 600 years. It is still extensively cultivated in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of north-central China, centered in Zhongning County. Ningxia wolfberry accounts for nearly 50% production of wolfberry in the whole country.
枸杞 WOLFBERRY
刚成熟的枸杞 Ripe Wolfberry fruits
枸杞花 Wolfberry flower
枸杞树 Wolfberry bush
枸杞干果 Dried Wolfberry Fruits
Wolfberry likes cool climate and has strong cold tolerance. When the temperature stably passes around 7℃, the seeds can germinate, and the seedlings can withstand low temperatures of -3℃. When the spring temperature is above 6°C, spring buds begin to sprout. Wolfberry can even survive the winter at -25℃.
Wolfberry has a well-developed root system and strong drought resistance, and can still grow in arid deserts. In order to obtain high yields, water supply still needs to be ensured, especially during the flowering and fruiting period. Sufficient water must be provided. Low-lying areas with long-term water accumulation are detrimental to the growth of wolfberry and may even cause root rot or death.
With sufficient light, wolfberry branches grow robustly, have many flowers and fruits, large fruit grains, high yield and good quality. Wolfberry mostly grows in alkaline soil and sandy loam, and is most suitable for cultivation on deep, fertile loam.
枸杞喜冷凉气候，耐寒力很强。当气温稳定通过7℃左右时，种子即可萌发，幼苗可抵抗－3℃低温。春季气温在6℃以上时，春芽开始萌动。枸杞在－25℃越冬无冻害。
枸杞根系发达，抗旱能力强，在干旱荒漠地仍能生长。生产上为获高产，仍需保证水分供给，特别是花果期必须有充足的水分。长期积水的低洼地对枸杞生长不利，甚至引起烂根或死亡。
光照充足，枸杞枝条生长健壮，花果多，果粒大，产量高，品质好。枸杞多生长在碱性土和砂质壤土，最适合在土层深厚，肥沃的壤土上栽培。
气温
年均温8.7℃，大于等于10℃有效积温2497.8℃，枸杞生长期昼夜温差12.9℃—16.5℃。
日照
年均日照时数2946.7小时，年均日照百分率66.5%，年均太阳总辐射量5925.3兆焦/平方米。
降水量
年均降水量218.8毫米，多集中在7月—9月，年蒸发量1916.4毫米。
枸杞的人工栽种历史，从明朝中叶开始宁夏人工培育枸杞，已有六百多年的种植栽培历史。在此之前，枸杞都以野生形态存在。 Wolfberry has been artificially cultivated in Ningxia since the middle of the Ming Dynasty. It has a history of more than 600 years. Before that, it has long existed in wild form.
“绿琼叶云布，火齐子珠垂。”
------《题王谷祥花鸟册》
防鸟网后的枸杞树 Wolfberry Bush Behind the Protection Net
枸杞种植 WOLFBERRY PLANTING
虽然枸杞树生命力强大，能够耐干旱，耐盐碱，但是想要结出优秀高品质的枸杞果实，则需要付出巨大的努力，研究与成本。例如，枸杞果实的成长与雨水，浇灌水量高度相关。一旦枸杞树根部水分过多，便不再结果。
Although the wolfberry tree has strong vitality and can tolerate drought and salt-alkali, it requires huge efforts, research and costs to produce excellent and high-quality wolfberry fruits. For example, the growth of wolfberry fruit is highly related to rain and irrigation. Once there is too much water in the roots of the wolfberry tree, it will no longer bear fruit.
- 前三年培育期不结果 three-year-long cultivating period (no fruit production)
- 枸杞水量控制 irrigation water volume control
- 秋季及开春枝条修剪 arduous branch pruning periods
- 酸性土壤改善 acidic soil improvement
- 采摘季害虫防治 pest control during harvest season
- 全人工采摘过程 full manual picking process
- 风干晾晒过程 air drying process
- 鸟类防治 bird control
- 冬水足量灌溉 winter irrigation
现在，宁夏各地依然广泛分布着私营的枸杞农田或种植基地。这些枸杞农田多由杞农直接负责，在需要特定人手时采用临时工雇佣制。当然，这也造成了一些弊病与问题。机械生产化程度低，导致收获效率较低；缺少足够的防护措施与意识，导致杞农工伤，长期健康问题；缺少安全保障制度，难以覆盖杞农群体；采用传统销售方式，销路单一等等。这些问题长久持续，危害着杞农这一群体的健康与利益，亟需得到解决。这也是“荆瑕”组织的成立动机。我们的故事，便从宁夏的一个私人枸杞种植基地开始。
Nowadays, private wolfberry farmland or plantations are still widely distributed throughout Ningxia. Most of these wolfberry farmlands are directly managed by wolfberry farmers, and a temporary labor employment system is adopted when specific manpower is needed. Of course, this also caused some drawbacks and problems. The low degree of mechanical production leads to low harvesting efficiency; the lack of adequate protective measures and awareness leads to work-related injuries and long-term health problems among wolfberry farmers; the lack of a thorough security system makes it difficult to cover wolfberry farmers; the use of traditional sales methods leads to a single market, etc. These problems persist for a long time, endangering the health and interests of wolfberry farmers as a group, and need to be resolved urgently. This is also the motivation for the establishment of the Ruby Jade association. Our story begins with a private wolfberry plantation in Ningxia.